Análisis multivariante de rankings internacionales de educación superior

[ES] El traspasar la frontera del conocimiento utilizando modelos estadísticos avanzados aplicados en el área de la biología para apropiarlos en el campo de las ciencias sociales y de la administración, permite modelar y comprender fenómenos abstractos que impactan, directamente, en el quehacer y en el desarrollo de las instituciones de educación superior en el mundo. Con este propósito, en el presente estudio, se utilizaron modelos exploratorios de datos de dos y tres vías, aplicados a bases de datos de Rankings internacionales de universidades desde el año 2016 al 2020, entre los cuales se puede señalar: el uso de HJ-Biplot, Co-Inercia y Biplot Dinámico. La aplicación de los modelos multivariantes antes señalados permitió: - Determinar cómo se comportan y cuáles son los grupos de instituciones de acuerdo con posiciones en rankings internacionales. - Analizar la posición relativa de instituciones latinoamericanas en los rankings mundiales, estableciendo cómo los rankings perciben a las universidades de esta parte del mundo. - Analizar la existencia de una estructura consenso entre los rankings QS y THE 2017 que permite establecer si existen similitudes entre ellos o son todos diferentes. - Evaluar si las universidades han tenido cambios en sus posiciones en el quinquenio estudiado, explorando hacía qué dimensión se están moviendo o si, en el caso contrario, han permanecido contantes en el tiempo. Finalmente, con los análisis antes señalados, se determinó cuáles son las principales dimensiones sobre las que se mueven las universidades posicionadas en los lugares top del mundo, generando con ello un “benchmark” respecto a qué variables impactan de manera directa en la gestión institucional, medido desde la posición de los rankings y que, por lo tanto, se deben gestionar para incrementar el prestigio y calidad institucional basado en un marco de eficiencia y gestión de información, datos e indicadores claves de administrar.[EN] Crossing boundaries of knowledge through advanced statistics models applied to the field of biology and bringing them to the fields of management and social sciences allows modeling and understanding abstract phenomena that directly impact the endeavor and development of higher education institutions in the world. To this end, the study used exploratory models of two- and three-way data applied to databases of international rankings of universities from 2016 to 2020. Among them, it can be identified: the use of HJ- Biplot, Co-Inertia, and Dynamic Biplot. The application of these multivariate models enabled: - To determine how institutions, behave and which are groups of institutions regarding their positions in international rankings. - To analyze the relative position of Latin American institutions in world rankings, establishing how rankings perceive universities in this part of the world. - To analyze the existence of a consensus structure between rankings QS and THE of 2017 to establish if they are similar or if they are all different. - To evaluate if universities have changed their positions during the five-year period studied by exploring towards which dimension they are shifting or, on the contrary, if they have remained steady over time. Finally, based on the analyses mentioned above, it was determined which are the principal dimensions in which the top universities in the world are moving. Hence, it is generated a “benchmark” regarding which variables impact the institution management directly, measured from the position on the rankings, and, in consequence, the variablesthatshould be managed to increment institutional prestige and quality, based on a frame of effectiveness and management of information, data, and keymanagementindicators

Sonification of information security events in auditory display: Text vocalization, navigation, and event flow representation

This research is dedicated to developing an information security tool with a sound interface. If there is a possibility to manage information security by ear, analysis of computer attacks could be effectively maintained by people with vision problems. For this purpose, a human-computer interface is required in which the signs of malicious code and computer attacks are encoded using sounds. This research highlights the features returned by the console tools for static analysis of executable files, as well as an audio coding method for auditory expression of textual and non-textual features is proposed. In order to provide visually impaired people with the opportunity to work in the cybersecurity field, we propose a method of analysing malware by ear.Peer Reviewe

Effectiveness of management in the universities, from models of perception of student quality:the model of the University Bernardo O'Higgins

La calidad en la educación es un tema recurrente en esta sociedad donde la formación de profesionales competentes es un elemento esencial frente a las crecientes demandas del mercado. La competitividad, dada por la multivariedad de ofertas educativas, junto con el rol histórico que tienen las universidades como gestoras de conocimiento, impulsa a las universidades a centrarse en un proceso permanente de reflexión y análisis acerca del cumplimiento de sus objetivos institucionales y del grado de efectividad medido en la satisfacción de sus principales clientes, es decir, sus estudiantes. En este contexto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo otorgar información para establecer prioridades de gestión financiera e institucional desde el grado de satisfacción de los estudiantes de la Universidad Bernardo O¿Higgins aplicando la metodología de modelación de ecuaciones factoriales, buscando relaciones entre diferentes áreas de satisfacción, con métodos multivariados como el análisis factorial. Se ha empleado el método de consistencia interna basado en la medida KMO y la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett. Finalmente, el estudio ha logrado modelar un sistema derivado del comportamiento de respuestas de estudiantes y docentes de la Universidad Bernardo O¿Higgins.Quality in education is a recurring theme in this society where the training of competent professionals is an essential element for their progress and development in the face of growing market demands. The competitiveness given by the multivariety of educational offerings, together with the historical role of universities as knowledge managers, drives universities to focus on a permanent process of reflection and analysis about the fulfillment of their institutional objectives and the degree of effectiveness measured in the satisfaction of their main clients, that is, their students. In this context, this research aims to establish priorities for financial and institutional management from the degree of satisfaction of university students at Bernardo O'Higgins University by applying the methodology of modeling structural equations, based on variances, seeking relationships between different areas of satisfaction, with multivariate methods factorial analysis. For these purposes, the internal consistency method based is given by the average of the correlations between the items in order to estimate the reliability of his instrument. Finally, it should be pointed out that the study has managed to model a system derived from the response behaviour of students and teachers at the Universidad Bernardo O ¿HigginsUniversidad Pablo de Olavid

Prediction model of first-year student desertion at Universidad Bernardo O´Higgins (UBO)

The objective of this study is to model a retention predictive system for first-year students at Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins (Santiago de Chile), by determining which of the variables of entry into higher education, whether these are academic, social or relatives, are revealed significant for this analysis. The construction of the research model was based on a thorough bibliographic review which made possible to identify explanatory variables of university dropout in the national context. Afterwards, from the systematization of socio-educational backgrounds of the students from the 2014 and 2015 cohorts available in the university’s computer systems, a tripartite matrix was consolidated with the data associated with the variables that emerged from the analysis of the target group consulted. Consequently, we analyzed the relationship of each of the explanatory variables of the study with the variable control student desertion. The bivariate analysis allowed us to identify seventeen variables, significantly associated with student desertion and to specify dependency relations with the abandonment of studies. The multivariate model predicted abandonment behavior in 86.4%, indicating seven independent categorical variables that, finally, are revealed as relevant factors of the prediction model. The varied and sustained interpretations delivered in the results of the model, as well as the proposed suggestions to improve the university retention index, provide a direct value to the study aimed at optimizing one of the most important indicators linked to the quality management in universities, as is the student retention.El presente estudio tiene como objetivo modelar un sistema predictivo de retención de los estudiantes de primer año de la Universidad Bernardo O´Higgins - UBO (Santiago de Chile), determinando cuáles de las variables de entrada a la educación superior, ya sean estas académicas, sociales o familiares, se revelan significativas para este análisis. La construcción del modelo de investigación se sustentó en una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica que permitió identificar variables explicativas de la deserción universitaria en el contexto nacional. Luego, a partir de la sistematización de antecedentes socioeducativos de los estudiantes de las cohortes 2014 y 2015 disponibles en los sistemas informáticos de la universidad, se consolidó una matriz tripartita con los datos asociados a las variables que emergieron del análisis de los referentes consultados. Consecuentemente, se analizó la relación de cada una de las variables explicativas del estudio con la variable control deserción estudiantil. El análisis bivariado permitió identificar diecisiete variables, significativamente asociadas con la deserción estudiantil y precisar las relaciones de dependencia con el abandono de estudios. El modelo multivariado predijo en un 86,4 % la conducta de abandono señalando siete variables categóricas independientes que, finalmente, se develan como factores relevantes del modelo predicción. Las variadas y sustentadas interpretaciones entregadas en los resultados del modelo, así como las sugerencias propuestas para mejorar el índice de retención universitaria, entregan un valor directo al estudio dirigido a optimizar uno de los indicadores más importantes vinculados a una gestión de calidad en las universidades, como es, la retención estudiantil

Analysis of competitiveness factors for the sustainable productivity of SMEs in Trujillo (Peru)

Los niveles de competitividad de los países de Latinoamérica se encuentran en un proceso de desarrollo lento para alcanzar a empresas situadas en economías más modernas, por tener dificultades en algunos pilares fundamentales de competitividad como los niveles de innovación tecnológica en base a inversiones inteligentes de infraestructura, capital intelectual, que tengan un impacto importante en la productividad multifactorial. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la situación competitiva de las Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (PYMES) en la ciudad de Trujillo, evaluando los factores claves para la productividad que tendrán una asociación con la competitividad sostenible. Se realizó un estudio empírico aplicado a 152 empresarios en diversos sectores de la ciudad de Trujillo, recopilando información de tipo cualitativo y cuantitativo. Los resultados obtenidos fueron que el 70% de las empresas del sector calzado están preparados para responder a las cinco fuerzas competitivas de Porter, para el sector metal mecánica el 89% de las empresas, y el 70% de las empresas para textil son competitivas. Se identificó que la calidad, capital humano, finanzas, plan estratégico, comercialización y las alianzas estratégicas, tienen una relación positiva con la competitividad; sin embargo, al integrarse con las TICs no se aprecia la sinergia del negocio. Los hallazgos son de utilidad para mejorar el conocimiento en las decisiones estratégicas de los Gerentes de las PYMES para responder a la Globalización y al proceso intensivo de la digitalización.The levels of competitiveness of the countries of Latin America are in a process of slow development to reach those companies located in more modern economies, because they have difficulties in some fundamental pillars of competitiveness such as the levels of technological innovation based on intelligent infrastructure investments, intellectual capital, that have a major impact on multifactor productivity. The objective of this research was to analyze the competitive situation of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the city of Trujillo, evaluating the key factors for productivity that will have an association with sustainable competitiveness. For this, the first step was to develop review of the fundamental literature for the hypotheses and the empirical study applied to 152 entrepreneurs in various sectors of the city of Trujillo, compiling the opinion of qualitative and quantitative type and statistical processing. The results obtained were that 70% of the companies in the footwear sector are prepared to respond to the five competitive forces of Porter, for the mechanical metal sector 89% of the companies, 70% of the textile companies are competitive. Through linear regressions, we identify that quality, human capital, finance, strategic plan, marketing and strategic alliances have a positive relationship with competitiveness, however when integrated with ICTs, the synergy of the business is not appreciated. The findings are useful to improve knowledge in the strategic decisions of SME Managers to respond to Globalization and the intensive process of digitalization.Universidad Pablo de Olavid

Occasional finding of neurological disorders during children hearing loss evaluation using the ABR

One of the most important applications of the Brainstem evoked response audiometry (ABR) is in the evaluation of hearing loss in children. Today the ABR is also indicated in the screening of cochleo-vestibular syndromes to detect retrocochlear lesions, to monitor patients in a coma (brain death), in monitoring the brainstem during skull base surgery, etc. Among the many BERA qualities, is its capacity to evaluate the neurophysiologic integrity of the auditory brainstem pathway. In doing so, sometimes while evaluating hearing function in children we are faced with ABR waves that suggest the presence of retrocochlear lesions (trace asymmetry, increased interpeak intervals), many times confirmed through image studies. These cases are seen as occasional findings of neurologic disorders during children hearing loss evaluation. In this study we report 2 cases of neurologic disorders diagnosed with the use of the ABR to evaluate hearing loss in children.Uma das mais importantes aplicações clínicas dos potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco cerebral (BERA) é a sua utilização na avaliação da surdez infantil. Atualmente o BERA também é utilizado na triagem das síndromes cócleo-vestibulares a procura de lesões retro-cocleares, na monitoração dos estados de coma (morte cerebral), na monitoração do tronco cerebral em cirurgias da base do crânio, etc. Uma das qualidades do BERA é a sua capacidade de avaliar a integridade neurofisiológica das vias auditivas do tronco cerebral. Desta maneira, algumas vezes durante a pesquisa dos limiares auditivos infantis, nos deparamos com BERAs que sugerem a presença de lesões retro-cocleares das vias auditivas (assimetria de traçados, aumento dos intervalos interpicos), muitas vezes comprovadas através de exames de imagem. Trata-se de achado ocasional de moléstia neurológica por ocasião da pesquisa dos limiares auditivos infantis. Neste trabalho relataremos dois casos de doenças neurológicas, diagnosticadas ocasionalmente através do BERA realizado com o intuito de se pesquisar os limiares auditivos.42442

Clusters as a strategic alternative for the competitiveness of SMEs: case of the leather and footwear industry in Peru

Un Clúster Industrial constituye una estrategia para desarrollar políticas industriales de mejora de la competitividad, especialmente para la pequeña y mediana empresa (PYMES). El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar el diagnóstico de la cadena de suministro en el clúster de curtiembre, cuero y calzado en la provincia de Trujillo (Perú), considerando su estrategia en torno a 14 temáticas de análisis sobre el funcionamiento de cada empresa. A través de los métodos estadísticos multivariables, se analizó el rubro del calzado y curtiembre a partir de una muestra de diez pymes del sector manufactura. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó mediante las correlaciones de Pearson y el coeficiente de correlación de Kendall. Se observó que las variables organizacionales con más impacto en la rentabilidad del clúster son la capacidad de innovación, liderazgo y la cultura emprendedora. Asimismo, los factores que favorecen el desarrollo del clúster cuero-calzado son la calidad y la confianza para el intercambio de información y la viabilidad de constituir el clúster. Para finalizar, los resultados del análisis estadístico multivariable arrojaron que, para el desarrollo de un modelo de cluster en el negocio del cuero y el calzado, es necesario fomentar y apoyar la cooperación entre las instituciones, sus finanzas, la confianza de los trabajadores en los procesos productivos y vincular los recursos tecnológicos con los procesos administrativos y de operaciones.An Industrial Cluster constitutes a strategic unit to develop industrial policies to improve sustainable competitiveness, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The objective of the research was to carry out the diagnosis of the supply chain in the tannery cluster, leather, and footwear the province of Trujillo (Peru), considering its strategy around 14 themes for analysis. The method used was the “Case Study”, with a sample of ten SMEs from the most representative manufacturing sector. At the same time, the data processing was analyzed through Pearson's correlations and Kendall's correlation coefficient. The result of the analysis shows that the organizational variables with the greatest impact on the profitability of the Cluster is the capacity for innovation and an entrepreneurial culture. Likewise, considering the fundamental factors that favor the development of the leather-footwear Cluster, they are quality and trust for the exchange of information and the viability of constituting the Cluster, according to the affirmation of the respondents, who are Managers of 8 producing companies, 1 design producer and only one company as a supplier of inputs. In third place, the results of the multivariate statistical analysis show that, in regard to the development of the business Cluster model in leather-footwear, it is necessary to encourage the cooperation between the Institutions and finances, the confidence of the workers in the production processes and the technological resources with the administrative processes and of operations.Universidad Pablo de Olavid

Prospective Latin American cohort evaluating outcomes of patients with COVID-19 and abnormal liver tests on admission

Introduction & objectives: The independent effect of liver biochemistries as a prognostic factor in patients with COVID-19 has not been completely addressed. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of abnormal liver tests on admission of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Materials & methods: We performed a prospective cohort study including 1611 hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from April 15, 2020 through July 31, 2020 in 38 different Hospitals from 11 Latin American countries. We registered clinical and laboratory parameters, including liver function tests, on admission and during hospitalization. All patients were followed until discharge or death. We fit multivariable logistic regression models, further post-estimation effect through margins and inverse probability weighting. Results: Overall, 57.8% of the patients were male with a mean age of 52.3 years, 8.5% had chronic liver disease and 3.4% had cirrhosis. Abnormal liver tests on admission were present on 45.2% (CI 42.7–47.7) of the cohort (n = 726). Overall, 15.1% (CI 13.4–16.9) of patients died (n = 244). Patients with abnormal liver tests on admission presented higher mortality 18.7% (CI 15.9–21.7), compared to those with normal liver biochemistries 12.2% (CI 10.1–14.6); P 30. Conclusions: The presence of abnormal liver tests on admission is independently associated with mortality and severe COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection and may be used as surrogate marker of inflammation.Fil: Mendizabal, Manuel. Universidad Austral. Hospital Universitario Austral; ArgentinaFil: Piñero, Federico. Universidad Austral. Hospital Universitario Austral; ArgentinaFil: Ridruejo, Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET; ArgentinaFil: Anders, Margarita. Hospital Aleman; ArgentinaFil: Silveyra, María Dolores. Sanatorio Anchorena; ArgentinaFil: Torre, Aldo. Centro Médico ABC; MéxicoFil: Montes, Pedro. Hospital Nacional Daniel A. Carrión; PerúFil: Urzúa, Alvaro. Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Pages, Josefina. Universidad Austral. Hospital Universitario Austral; ArgentinaFil: Toro, Luis G.. Hospitales de San Vicente Fundación de Medellín y Rionegro; ColombiaFil: Díaz, Javier. Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins; PerúFil: Gonzalez Ballerga, Esteban. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Miranda Zazueta, Godolfino. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Peralta, Mirta. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz"; ArgentinaFil: Gutiérrez, Isabel. Centro Médico ABC; MéxicoFil: Michelato, Douglas. Hospital Especializado en Enfermedades Infecciosas Instituto Couto Maia; BrasilFil: Venturelli, Maria Grazia. Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen; PerúFil: Varón, Adriana. Fundación Cardio-Infantil; ColombiaFil: Vera Pozo, Emilia. Hospital Regional Dr. Teodoro Maldonado Carbo; EcuadorFil: Tagle, Martín. Clínica Anglo-Americana; PerúFil: García, Matías. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno"; ArgentinaFil: Tassara, Alfredo. Hospital Aleman; ArgentinaFil: Brutti, Julia. Sanatorio Anchorena; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz García, Sandro. Hospital de Víctor Lazarte Echegaray; PerúFil: Bustios, Carla. Clínica Delgado; PerúFil: Escajadillo, Nataly. Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo; PerúFil: Macias, Yuridia. No especifíca;Fil: Higuera de la Tijera, Fátima. Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga"; MéxicoFil: Gómez, Andrés J.. Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá; ColombiaFil: Dominguez, Alejandra. Hospital Padre Hurtado; ChileFil: Castillo Barradas, Mauricio. Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional La Raza; MéxicoFil: Contreras, Fernando. No especifíca;Fil: Scarpin, Aldana. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno"; ArgentinaFil: Schinoni, Maria Isabel. Hospital Alianza; BrasilFil: Toledo, Claudio. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Girala, Marcos. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; ParaguayFil: Mainardi, Victoria. Hospital Central De las Fuerzas Armadas; UruguayFil: Sanchez, Abel. Hospital Roosevelt; GuatemalaFil: Bessone, Fernando. Provincia de Santa Fe. Ministerio de Salud y Medio Ambiente - Rosario. Hospital Provincial del Centenario; ArgentinaFil: Rubinstein, Fernando Adrian. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Silva, Marcelo Oscar. Universidad Austral. Hospital Universitario Austral; Argentin

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality

Extinction risk of Mesoamerican crop wild relatives

Ensuring food security is one of the world's most critical issues as agricultural systems are already being impacted by global change. Crop wild relatives (CWR)—wild plants related to crops—possess genetic variability that can help adapt agriculture to a changing environment and sustainably increase crop yields to meet the food security challenge. Here we report the results of an extinction risk assessment of 224 wild relatives of some of the world's most important crops (i.e. chilli pepper, maize, common bean, avocado, cotton, potato, squash, vanilla and husk tomato) in Mesoamerica—an area of global significance as a centre of crop origin, domestication and of high CWR diversity. We show that 35% of the selected CWR taxa are threatened with extinction according to The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List demonstrates that these valuable genetic resources are under high anthropogenic threat. The dominant threat processes are land use change for agriculture and farming, invasive and other problematic species (e.g. pests, genetically modified organisms) and use of biological resources, including overcollection and logging. The most significant drivers of extinction relate to smallholder agriculture—given its high incidence and ongoing shifts from traditional agriculture to modern practices (e.g. use of herbicides)—smallholder ranching and housing and urban development and introduced genetic material. There is an urgent need to increase knowledge and research around different aspects of CWR. Policies that support in situ and ex situ conservation of CWR and promote sustainable agriculture are pivotal to secure these resources for the benefit of current and future generations